What drugs does adventist health system test

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Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them.

Those that are not patented or with expired patents are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder. Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into drug classes. A group of drugs will share a similar chemical structure , or have the same mechanism of action , the same related mode of action or target the same illness or related illnesses. This groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties.

Some religions, particularly ethnic religions , are based completely on the use of certain drugs, known as entheogens , which are mostly hallucinogens ,— psychedelics , dissociatives , or deliriants. Some drugs used as entheogens include kava which can act as a stimulant , a sedative , a euphoriant and an anesthetic. The roots of the kava plant are used to produce a drink which is consumed throughout the cultures of the Pacific Ocean.

Some shamans from different cultures use entheogens, defined as "generating the divine within" [19] to achieve religious ecstasy. Mazatec shamans have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of Salvia divinorum a psychoactive plant.

Its use is to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions. Silene undulata is regarded by the Xhosa people as a sacred plant and used as an entheogen. Its roots are traditionally used to induce vivid and according to the Xhosa, prophetic lucid dreams during the initiation process of shamans , classifying it a naturally occurring oneirogen similar to the more well-known dream herb Calea ternifolia.

Peyote , a small spineless cactus , has been a major source of psychedelic mescaline and has probably been used by Native Americans for at least five thousand years. The entheogenic use of cannabis has also been widely practised [25] for centuries. Psychedelic mushrooms psilocybin mushrooms , commonly called magic mushrooms or shrooms have also long been used as entheogens. Nootropics , also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities.

Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, and learning. An increasingly used nootropic among students, also known as a study drug , is methylphenidate branded commonly as Ritalin and used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and narcolepsy.

Evidence for use outside of student settings is limited but suggests that it is commonplace. Other drugs known as designer drugs are produced. An early example of what today would be labelled a 'designer drug' was LSD , which was synthesised from ergot. Since the late s there has been the identification of many of these synthesised drugs.

In Japan and the United Kingdom this has spurred the addition of many designer drugs into a newer class of controlled substances known as a temporary class drug.

Synthetic cannabinoids have been produced for a longer period of time and are used in the designer drug synthetic cannabis. Recreational drug use is the use of a drug legal, controlled, or illegal with the primary intention of altering the state of consciousness through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings.

The hallucinogen LSD is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug. Ketamine is a drug used for anesthesia , and is also used as a recreational drug, both in powder and liquid form, for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects.

Some national laws prohibit the use of different recreational drugs; and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions and widely culturally accepted. Cannabis is the most commonly consumed controlled recreational drug in the world as of It can be used in the leaf form of marijuana grass , or in the resin form of hashish. Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish.

There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include alcohol , tobacco , betel nut , and caffeine products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as khat is common.

There are a number of legal intoxicants commonly called legal highs that are used recreationally. The most widely used of these is alcohol. All drugs, can be administered via a number of routes , and many can be administered by more than one. There are numerous governmental offices in many countries that deal with the control and oversee of drug manufacture and use, and the implementation of various drug laws.

The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty brought about in to prohibit the use of narcotics save for those used in medical research and treatment. In , a second treaty the Convention on Psychotropic Substances had to be introduced to deal with newer recreational psychoactive and psychedelic drugs.

The legal status of Salvia divinorum varies in many countries and even in states within the United States. Where it is legislated against the degree of prohibition also varies. The Food and Drug Administration FDA in the United States is a federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety , tobacco products , dietary supplements , prescription and over-the-counter medications , vaccines , biopharmaceuticals , blood transfusions , medical devices , electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, cosmetics , animal foods [38] and veterinary drugs.

In India, the Narcotics Control Bureau abbr. NCB , an Indian federal law enforcement and intelligence agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India is tasked with combating drug trafficking and assisting international use of illegal substances under the provisions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Substance having effect s on the body of an individual. For other uses, see Drug disambiguation. Main articles: Pharmaceutical drug , Drug class , and Medication. Main articles: Entheogen and Psychonaut. Main articles: Nootropic , Designer drug , and Psychoactive drug. Main article: Recreational drug use. Further information: Prohibition of drugs. Main article: Route of administration. Bolus is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level.

The administration can be given intravenously, by parenteral,by indovenous, by intramuscular, intrathecal or subcutaneous injection.

Inhaled , breathed into the lungs , as an aerosol , inhaler , vape or dry powder this includes smoking or vaping a substance. Injection as a solution , suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular , intravenous , intraperitoneal , intraosseous. Insufflation , as a nasal spray or snorting into the nose. Orally , as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines. Rectally as a suppository , that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.

Sublingually , diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue. Topically , usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically. Main articles: Prohibition of drugs and Drug policy. Random House.

Archived from the original on 14 September — via Dictionary. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Archived from the original on Retrieved — via Drugs. M, Dale; J. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN Biotechnol Adv. PMC PMID The American Heritage Science Dictionary.

Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from the original on 14 September Retrieved 20 September — via dictionary. Introduction to drug utilization research PDF. Geneva: World Health Organization. Archived from the original PDF on European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.

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